miércoles, 13 de febrero de 2008
Shagrat Al-Durr
1250 A.D. El sultán de Egipto, Salih Ayyub murió cuando los ejércitos crusading de Francia amenazaban Egipto. La esposa de Salih Ayyub era el al-Durr-Durr de Shagrat, que había sido un esclavo del origen del turkoman. En 1249, el ejército francés debajo de Louis IX, rey de Francia aterrizó en Damietta, en la boca del río del Nilo. Shagrat, actuando como regente de Salih mientras que él estaba ausente en Damasco, organizado la defensa del reino. Pronto después de que Salih Ayyub vuelva, él muere. Shagrat, conceald su muerte por que decía él era "enfermo" y teniendo un criado véase llevar el alimento su tienda. Ella puede así continuar conduciendo en su nombre. Turan, su hijo y su stepson, aparece y Shagrat le da las rienda de la energía encima, finalmente anunciando la muerte de su marido. No obstante, Shagrat conserva control, y una derrota machacante se rinde en los cruzados en Damietta. Los líderes del ejército no respetan Turan; desean Shagrat, viéndola como turco, como sí mismos. Trazan contra Turan y lo hacen asesinar. De mayo el 2 de 1250, pusieron el al-Durr-Durr de Shagrat en el trono, así comenzando la dinastía de Mamluk. Se hace las paces con las cartas francas. Louis IX es ransomed y permitió para volver a casa. Egipto en este tiempo está bajo autoridad del Caliphate en Bagdad. Bagdad no aprueba de Shagrat. Ella es una mujer, y las mujeres no deben llevar a cabo el título de la regla. El Caliph de Bagdad envía un mensaje a los amirs egipcios: "puesto que no hay hombre entre usted digno de ser Sultán, le traeré uno." Shagrat se humilla profundamente, pero ella camina abajo después de ser sultán de Egipto por solamente dos meses. Designan a un soldado acertado de Mamluk, Aibak, en su lugar. El momento del al-Durr's-Durr's de Shagrat de la energía, sin embargo, no encima. Para el amor o la ambición política, ella maneja seducir Aibak. Él la casa para legitimize la regla de Mamluk. Los informes dicen de su gran amor para uno otro. Con su experiencia en la administración y la dirección, por siete años de Shagrat más bien que de Aibak las reglas realmente. Un historiador que vivió en ese entonces comenta: "ella lo dominó, y él no tenía nada decir." Shagrat continúa firmando los decretos de los sultanes, tiene monedas pulsadas en ambos sus nombres, y se atreve a ser tratado como Sultana. El al-Durr-Durr de Shagrat es una mujer celosa, y una quién no desea compartir energía. Cuando ella casó Aibak, ella hizo que él divorciara a su esposa, con quien él tenía un hijo. En 1257, Aibak propone tomar a otra esposa. En los ojos de Shagrat este acto es increíble. En un ajuste de los celos, ella traza su asesinato y lo lleva hacia fuera cuando él está teniendo un baño después de un juego del polo. En la desesperación, el al-Durr-Durr de Shagrat intenta encubrir el crimen. Pero sus últimos hechos se vuelven para frecuentarla en la persona de la esposa anterior y de su hijo de Aibak, que ahora buscan venganza. El ejército divide el excedente ésos que continúan apoyando Shagrat y ésos que la oponen. Desenfrenándose explota, y se arrincona Shagrat. Estimulado encendido por la esposa anterior de Aibak, Shagrat es batido a la muerte por los esclavos del harem con sus estorbos de madera. Su cuerpo mitad-desnudo se lanza en la fosa de la ciudadela. Eventual, los huesos del al-Durr's-Durr's de Shagrat se toman y se colocan en la mezquita conocida hoy como la mezquita del al-Durr-Durr de Shagrat.
La familia dels Borja
Familia de origen aragonés, establecida en Valencia desde el s. XIII y que hacia mediados del XV se instaló en Nápoles y Roma. La rama establecida en Játiva y compuesta por nobles fue en ascenso a partir del nombramiento del obispo de Valencia Alonso de Borja (1378-1458) como papa con el nombre de Calixto III (1455). Su sobrino Pedro Luis (c. 1430-1458) se benefició del nepotismo por él practicado. Producida una reacción contra los Borja a la muerte de Calixto III, Rodrigo (1431-1503), hermano de Pedro Luis, se valió de la gran fortuna legada por aquél para hacerse nombrar papa (Alejandro VI, 1492).
Hijos naturales de Rodrigo fueron: Juan (c. 1475-1497), duque de Gandía y de Benevento; César (c. 1475-1507), que llevó el título de duque de Valentinois; Godofredo, progenitor de los duques de Esquilache, confundidos en una rama de los Gandía; Lucrecia (1480-1519); Pedro Luis (c. 1458-1488), duque de Gandía.
Después de la muerte del papa (1503), la familia entró en decadencia, con excepción de Lucrecia, duquesa de Ferrara, quien acogió en su corte a algunos de sus parientes. El origen de la legendaria mala fama atribuida a esta familia parece estar relacionado con la hostilidad de los clanes eclesiásticos italianos y con la animosidad de diversas monarquías que veían en los Borja un poderoso obstáculo para sus propósitos
Hijos naturales de Rodrigo fueron: Juan (c. 1475-1497), duque de Gandía y de Benevento; César (c. 1475-1507), que llevó el título de duque de Valentinois; Godofredo, progenitor de los duques de Esquilache, confundidos en una rama de los Gandía; Lucrecia (1480-1519); Pedro Luis (c. 1458-1488), duque de Gandía.
Después de la muerte del papa (1503), la familia entró en decadencia, con excepción de Lucrecia, duquesa de Ferrara, quien acogió en su corte a algunos de sus parientes. El origen de la legendaria mala fama atribuida a esta familia parece estar relacionado con la hostilidad de los clanes eclesiásticos italianos y con la animosidad de diversas monarquías que veían en los Borja un poderoso obstáculo para sus propósitos
El Regnat d'Alfons el Magnanim.
Alfonso que el Magnanimous fue llevado en 1396.He era el rey de Aragon y de la cuenta de Barcelona. A partir de 1416 hacia adelante él era el rey de Nápoles hasta su muerte que él era también uno de la gente más importante del early.Alfonso era el hijo de Ferdinand I de Aragon también conocido como Ferdinand de Antequera y Eleanor de Albuquerque. Él vino de una familia noble y por la derecha hereditaria estaba el OS Sicilia del rey y gobernado sobre la isla de Cerdeña con Génova. En 1424 la reina de Nápoles Joanna II quién no tenía ningún niño lo adoptó y lo nombró su heredero al reino de Nápoles. Él entonces fue a vivir en Nápoles.
lunes, 4 de febrero de 2008
L'Art Gotic
El arte gótico dijo una historia narrativa por retratos, ambos cristiano y secular. Los medios Góticos primarios de la arte fueron esculturas, el entrepaño que pinta, vidrio manchado, el fresco y manuscrito iluminado. Las esculturas góticos nacieron en la pared, en medio del siglo XII en Ile de Francia, cuándo Abad Suger construyó la abadía en S. Denis (ca. 1140), consideró el primer edificio Gótico, y poco después la Catedral de Fletamentos (ca. 1145). Antes de esto no había habido la tradición de escultura en Ile de Francia—tan escultores fueron introducidos de Borgoña, que creó las figuras revolucionarias que actuando como las columnas en el Occidental (Real) Pórtico de Catedral de Fletamentos (ve la imagen) —fue una invención enteramente nueva, y proporcionaría el modelo por una generación de escultores. La pintura en un estilo que puede ser llamado "Gótico" no apareció hasta que acerca de 1200, ni casi 50 años después del comienzo de la arquitectura y la escultura Góticas. La transición de románico a Gótico es muy impreciso y nada en absoluto una interrupción clara, pero pueden ver los principios de un estilo que es más sombrío, oscuro y emocional que en el período previo. Esta transición ocurre primero en Inglaterra y Francia alrededor de 1200, en Alemania alrededor de 1220 e Italia alrededor de 1300. El escultor holandés burgoñón Claus Sluter y el sabor para el naturalismo señalaron el principio del fin de escultura Gótico, evolucionando en el estilo de classicistic Renacimiento por el fin del siglo XV.
El arto Gothico estaven un movimiento que durado de 200 anos.Lo comencia en Francia por el siglo de 12 del periode de los Romanos.La arquitectura estaven el original y tan importante duramente el siglo de los Goticos.Hay tres tipos de art gotico y arquitectura la primera es temprano el segundo es alto y la tercera es el mas tarde del periode de Gotico.Duramente el stilo de 1120-50 a 1200 estaven la primera parte de la periode.Las primeros catedrales comenzia en Francia y Inglaterra donde urbanizaciones de los ricos tenian el dinero para construir las catedrales.El mas famoso de Paris es el Notre Dame que estaven comenzia en 1163.La forma basico de los catedrales siguiente a Alemania,Portugal,Espana,Italia y todo de Europa incluidamente Inglaterra.La tercera parte del siglo Gotico estaven duramente de los anos:1250-1300 el arte y la arquitectura europeano lo estaven dominado por los Franceses.Duramente el 15 siglo experamientos arcuitectural comencia en el sur de Alemania y Austria.Hasta 1470 a 1520 la construccion de los catedrales despaciado y eventualidad terminado.
El arto Gothico estaven un movimiento que durado de 200 anos.Lo comencia en Francia por el siglo de 12 del periode de los Romanos.La arquitectura estaven el original y tan importante duramente el siglo de los Goticos.Hay tres tipos de art gotico y arquitectura la primera es temprano el segundo es alto y la tercera es el mas tarde del periode de Gotico.Duramente el stilo de 1120-50 a 1200 estaven la primera parte de la periode.Las primeros catedrales comenzia en Francia y Inglaterra donde urbanizaciones de los ricos tenian el dinero para construir las catedrales.El mas famoso de Paris es el Notre Dame que estaven comenzia en 1163.La forma basico de los catedrales siguiente a Alemania,Portugal,Espana,Italia y todo de Europa incluidamente Inglaterra.La tercera parte del siglo Gotico estaven duramente de los anos:1250-1300 el arte y la arquitectura europeano lo estaven dominado por los Franceses.Duramente el 15 siglo experamientos arcuitectural comencia en el sur de Alemania y Austria.Hasta 1470 a 1520 la construccion de los catedrales despaciado y eventualidad terminado.
viernes, 1 de febrero de 2008
The Weighting Game.
If your serious about losing weight, what have you got to lose.
One has to be sympathetic to obese people, but there is a limit for that sympathy. We see these obese people on TV, who can not walk to the end of their drive, whilst others can not get out of bed, one must ask the question, Who is feeding them?
The average person needs only about 25min of active exercise per day, of course one has to limit the input in terms of calories. If you do not burn off the calories taken in, you put weight on, it is that simple.
There is no quick way to lose weight, it takes weeks to put it on and it takes weeks to lose it. However the more over weight you are, ther faster you are liable to lose weight. Obviously a person weighing 13 stone will find it more difficult to lose a stone than a 24 stone person. Similar to fitness, > If it takes you a minute to jog 200m and another person can run this in 33 seconds, then you are liable to take 10 seconds off your time very quickly, whilst the other person takes off 2 seconds in the same period.
You need to burn off about 3500 calories for every one pound of weight loss. To put this in some kind of perspective, generallt speaking, running burns off about 125 cal per mile, obviously this depends on your weight, speed etc. No other sport of any kind gets you fitter faster than running, why? Every time you take a step you lift your own body weight, again and again. So yes you will lose weight it is just a matter of time and get fitter.
What can you eat?
Anything you like, I eat chocolate, cakes, pies everthing but I exercise and at the end of the day I burn off more calories than I take in. You can however make it easier on yourself, do not eat the family bar of chocolate, be sensible and you will lose weight.
Is it worth joining the gym?
Probably not, the majority of people who join the gym, pay a yearly memberhip in January and give up before the end of Febuary. There is however hope as a new concept in weight loss has emerged.
Weight loss Holidays
Is a new concept in weight loss. A holiday where you can enjoy the sun and sea but lose weight as well. If you are to lose weight and keep it off, you need a new life style, which incorporates some fitness activity which you enjoy. This may be the gym but for most of us mortals, it does not work, as you find it more and more difficult to find the time. Now lets look at something you enjoy, say dancing, you will not miss a dancing lesson or night out because it is something you Want to do and it just happens that you lose weight doing it. That is the secret to weight loss, finding a fitness activity you enjoy. Because lets face it, if you do not enjoy it you will not do it again. In fact I have never met anyone, who does something every single week, they do not enjoy.
Fitness Holidays
Fitness is about a way of life and if you are not participating in an activity which keeps you fit, change the way you live now.
If you can find the time to sit around and watch tv, then you can find the time too keep fit.
Any activity which makes your heart work harder is good but although walking up and down stairs is not good for your heart rate, it's no fun. You must find an activity or sport you enjoy, set achievable goals and targets and start getting fitter.
Some people have personal trainers, some of which look as if they need a personal trainer themselves but we do not all have that kind of money and the gym is boring, to say the least, so what are your choices.
Fitness holidays are a perfect way to have a go at a variety of sports activities, from dancing to Kite Surfing or even Scuba Diving, what ever your passion. After finding an activity you enjoy, you may take this activity home and continue, to be the fit person that you want to be.
So change your life now and keep fit for tomorrow, what have you got to lose.
One has to be sympathetic to obese people, but there is a limit for that sympathy. We see these obese people on TV, who can not walk to the end of their drive, whilst others can not get out of bed, one must ask the question, Who is feeding them?
The average person needs only about 25min of active exercise per day, of course one has to limit the input in terms of calories. If you do not burn off the calories taken in, you put weight on, it is that simple.
There is no quick way to lose weight, it takes weeks to put it on and it takes weeks to lose it. However the more over weight you are, ther faster you are liable to lose weight. Obviously a person weighing 13 stone will find it more difficult to lose a stone than a 24 stone person. Similar to fitness, > If it takes you a minute to jog 200m and another person can run this in 33 seconds, then you are liable to take 10 seconds off your time very quickly, whilst the other person takes off 2 seconds in the same period.
You need to burn off about 3500 calories for every one pound of weight loss. To put this in some kind of perspective, generallt speaking, running burns off about 125 cal per mile, obviously this depends on your weight, speed etc. No other sport of any kind gets you fitter faster than running, why? Every time you take a step you lift your own body weight, again and again. So yes you will lose weight it is just a matter of time and get fitter.
What can you eat?
Anything you like, I eat chocolate, cakes, pies everthing but I exercise and at the end of the day I burn off more calories than I take in. You can however make it easier on yourself, do not eat the family bar of chocolate, be sensible and you will lose weight.
Is it worth joining the gym?
Probably not, the majority of people who join the gym, pay a yearly memberhip in January and give up before the end of Febuary. There is however hope as a new concept in weight loss has emerged.
Weight loss Holidays
Is a new concept in weight loss. A holiday where you can enjoy the sun and sea but lose weight as well. If you are to lose weight and keep it off, you need a new life style, which incorporates some fitness activity which you enjoy. This may be the gym but for most of us mortals, it does not work, as you find it more and more difficult to find the time. Now lets look at something you enjoy, say dancing, you will not miss a dancing lesson or night out because it is something you Want to do and it just happens that you lose weight doing it. That is the secret to weight loss, finding a fitness activity you enjoy. Because lets face it, if you do not enjoy it you will not do it again. In fact I have never met anyone, who does something every single week, they do not enjoy.
Fitness Holidays
Fitness is about a way of life and if you are not participating in an activity which keeps you fit, change the way you live now.
If you can find the time to sit around and watch tv, then you can find the time too keep fit.
Any activity which makes your heart work harder is good but although walking up and down stairs is not good for your heart rate, it's no fun. You must find an activity or sport you enjoy, set achievable goals and targets and start getting fitter.
Some people have personal trainers, some of which look as if they need a personal trainer themselves but we do not all have that kind of money and the gym is boring, to say the least, so what are your choices.
Fitness holidays are a perfect way to have a go at a variety of sports activities, from dancing to Kite Surfing or even Scuba Diving, what ever your passion. After finding an activity you enjoy, you may take this activity home and continue, to be the fit person that you want to be.
So change your life now and keep fit for tomorrow, what have you got to lose.
Yoga Crazes Takes Over!
It is thought that an estimated three million people practise yoga in the U.K every week, that number has doubled over recent years. As more people join classes Yoga etiquette and correct teaching goes out the window, with yoga teachers catching on as to what they can get away with. New practioners are setting themselves targets and goals, which ia totally against the priciples of yoga. Yoga is about self awareness and the promotion of well being without goal setting or targets.
Many people find that fitness programmes in the gym are " beyond the body" as the social world of the gym becomes more important. There are many motives for joining the gym, friends, a site of social interactivity and a source of social capital. The vast majority join the gym with good intentions in January and give it up in March only to re-join again next year. So ids tere a way of keeping fit without Yoga or tghe gym. The average person needs only 25min of activity per daybut somehow they can not fit it in. For the more affluent among us, there is the personal trainer which can offer the benefits of the gym in the comfort of your own home.
Now there is a new concept in Fitness, the Yoga Break or Fitness Holiday in the sun.
http://www.runinthesun.com/Yoga-Breaks.asp
http://www.runinthesun.com/Fitness_Holidays.asp
So instead of joining the gym or "social class of keep fit" take a holiday in the sun and change yur life.
Types of Yoga
Yoga (Devangari: योग) is a group of ancient spiritual practices originating in India.
As a general term in Hinduism it has been defined as referring to "technologies or disciplines of asceticism and meditation which are thought to lead to spiritual experience and profound understanding or insight into the nature of existence." Outside India, Yoga has become primarily associated with the practice of asanas (postures) of Hatha Yoga (see Yoga as exercise), although it has influenced the entire dharmic religions family and other spiritual practices throughout the world.
Hindu texts discussing different aspects of yoga include the Upanishads, the Bhagavad Gita, the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali, the Hatha Yoga Pradipika, the Shiva Samhita, and many others
Major branches of Yoga include: Hatha Yoga, Karma Yoga, Jnana Yoga, Bhakti Yoga, and Raja Yoga. Raja Yoga, known simply as Yoga in the context of , is one of the six orthodox (stika) schools of thought, established by the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali.
Types of Yoga
There are many types of yoga falling basically into two types, the divisions of classical yoga techniques and the many modern styles of yoga. The classical yoga techniques are listed below.
Classical Yoga Techniques
These all date back almost to the origins of yoga, they allow people to follow the type of yoga that is best suited to their temperament and life styles. All of these paths alone can lead the participant to enlightenment but in practice it is normal for there to be considerable overlap and parts of each discipline can be brought into your favoured path.
Ashanti
Yoga Breaks
Shanti Yoga The healing path is the synthesis of the physical attributes of Hatha, Tantric and Karma Yoga with the spiritual, philosophical and psychological aspects of Raja, Jnana and Bhakti Yoga. Shanti Yoga borrows freely from other great philosophies of the world, like Buddhism, Taoism, Christianity, Zen, Sufism to de-mystify many concepts and clarify and reinforce Shanti's teachings.
Bhakti
Yoga Breaks
This is the yoga of devotion, worship and focused love. Traditionally the focus could be on a deity or on ones personal Guru. Westerners who have strong religious backgrounds would feel comfortable with this branch of Yoga as it would fit in with worship in whatever form.
Jnana
Yoga Breaks
This is the path of spiritual knowledge and wisdom and would suit someone who had an intellectual temperament.
Karma
Yoga BreaYoga-Breaks.aspks
Karma Yoga is the path of selfless service, of working or performing actions without seeking any reward. Most yoga ashrams have periods of "Karma Yoga" when those staying at the ashram can help with daily tasks.
Kundalini
Yoga Retreats
Kundalini yoga aims to awaken the potential energies at the base of the spine (Symbolised as a coiled snake) and direct this energy upwards through the spine and the Chakras thus bringing about increasing degrees of enlightenment. When the energy reaches the head (Sahasrara Chakra) then intuitive enlightenment is triggered.
Mantra
Yoga breaks
Mantra Yoga involves the practice of chanting words or phrases repeatedly either aloud or internally thus influencing the consciousness. The rhythmic repetition of mantras is called Japa.
Raja
Yoga Breaks
Raja yoga means Royal yoga and is associated with the yoga of Patanjali who promulgated the Yoga Sutras, here he lists the eightfold path or the eight limbs of yoga. These are :-Yama, Niyama, Asana, Pranayama, Pratyahara, Dharana, Dhyana, Samadhi.Yama (Abstentions) are:- Non Violence, Truthfulness, Non Stealing, Purity, Avoidance of Greed.Niyama (Observances) are :- Cleanliness, Contentment, Austerity, Study or Wisdom, Devotion to the Divine.Asana (Postures):-The physical posture work familiar in most yoga classes.Pranayama (Breath Control):-Control of breath and direction of Prana (Life Force Energy) within the body.Pratyahara (sense withdrawal):-Detaching the mind from the 5 senses Dharana (Concentration):-Holding the mind on a particular object or thought, Single pointed awareness.Dhyana (Meditation):-Prolonged concentration to the point where it becomes effortless.Samadhi Contemplation, Union, Bliss:-This has to be experienced to be understood, it is beyond words.
Tantric
Yoga Breaks
Tantric Yoga breaks into two distinct variations the Left hand and Right hand paths.
The Left hand path is the Tantra that most people have heard about, it is a yoga found mainly in Northern India and Tibet and involves the union of male and female either actually or in the imagination.
The Right hand path is epitomised by the Bihar Yoga and Mandala Ashram below and encourages Fidelity and Celibacy. Here the emphasis is on Kriya Yoga which comes under the general heading of Tantra. see below.
Kriya
Yoga Holidays
Kriya Yoga is a very systemised form of yoga from the Tantras, There are about 70 Kriyas or actions of which only about 20 are in common usage. Kriya yoga increases concentration and leads to meditation and ultimately to enlightenment but this is done more through awareness than pure concentration. Again this system is taught at Mandala Ashram.
Yantra
Yoga Holidays
Similar to Mantra yoga but involving sight and form. Yantras are colourful geometric mandalas or designs which are used for concentration ether on the Mandala itself or during the preparation of the Mandala.
Hatha
Yoga Retreats
Hatha yoga. (Sanskrit yoga), also known as Hatha vidya, is a particular system of Yoga introduced by Yogi Swatmarama, a sage of 15th century India, and compiler of the Hatha Yoga Pradipika. In this treatise Swatmarama introduces Hatha Yoga as 'a stairway to the heights of Raja Yoga', hence a preparatory stage of physical purification that renders the body fit for the practise of higher meditation. The Asanas and Pranayama in Raja Yoga were what the Hindu Yogis used to physically train their body for long periods of meditation. This practise is called shatkarma. The word Hatha is a compound of the words Ha and Tha meaning sun and moon and refers to the principal nadis (energy channels) of the subtle body that must be fully operational to attain a state of dhyana or samadhi. In other respects Hatha yoga follows the same principles as the Raja Yoga of Patanjali including moral restraint yama and spiritual observances niyama. Hatha Yoga is what most people in the West associate with the word "Yoga" and is practiced for mental and physical health throughout the West.
Dru
Yoga Breaks
Following ancient Yoga traditions, Dru Yoga focuses on soft flowing movements, Dru Yoga can help to relieve stress, increase energy levels and strengthen your immune system.
Designed to suit all ages and abilities of fitness levels. Dru Yoga is a style that can be an in depth experience and taken at any time in life.
In essence Dru Yoga is a wonderful way to relieve the pressures of modern living. Dru Yoga is rapidly growing in it's popularity, as thousands of students all over the world are discovering.
Using controlled breathing, visualisation and soft flowing movements enabling any worries and stress to melt away.
Whilst working on both the mind and body, strengthening of the core system and stability, leaving you feeling positive about yourself,
Dru Yoga focuses on relieving the pressures of modern day living. By practising Dru Yoga you will learn how to create energy and how to channel that energy into the manifestation of hopes and dreams in a wonderfully positive manner.
With Dru Yoga the many postures and sequences concentrate on activating the ANAHATA CHAKRAOR " the heart centre. We all need a healthy and happy heart to lead a wonderful fulfilled ed life.
The Thymus gland plays a strong role in helping you to achieve a healthy heart and strong immune system. This gland is to be found in the Sternum area close to the heart. Using Dru Yoga sequenced movements and postures we can help to stimulate the energies of the heart, chakra in turn massages the physical heart and energises the Thymus gland to commence a healthy healing process.
Opening the heart centre allows us to become happier and to really enjoy life. Your energy or life force is known as "PRANA" by looking after your heart centre not only helps to create peace and contentment in life but gives you the energy to achieve your goals in life and the belief that you can do it.
Dru Yoga benefits all, whether it is inner peace you seek or to improve your core stability, the overall sense of well being will merge together as one.
Join us on a journey in a place where your sense of well being is all that is important and exercise your body and soul, again. Take time out for a weekend or short break and join us, for a specialist holistic workshop or Dru Yoga holiday.
Whatever your reason, join us on the Costa Blanca, Spain for a fabulous time and make new friends. Perfectly located for tranquillity and yet within 800m of Moraira's blue flag sandy beach, chillout cafes, superb cuisine and shops, to enjoy the most perfect Yoga holiday.
We chose Moraira especially for its geographical location. Our oasis is wonderfully protected by the energies of the tiger and the strength of the dragon mountains that unite in harmony at the calm waters of the Mediterranean Sea.
Many people find that fitness programmes in the gym are " beyond the body" as the social world of the gym becomes more important. There are many motives for joining the gym, friends, a site of social interactivity and a source of social capital. The vast majority join the gym with good intentions in January and give it up in March only to re-join again next year. So ids tere a way of keeping fit without Yoga or tghe gym. The average person needs only 25min of activity per daybut somehow they can not fit it in. For the more affluent among us, there is the personal trainer which can offer the benefits of the gym in the comfort of your own home.
Now there is a new concept in Fitness, the Yoga Break or Fitness Holiday in the sun.
http://www.runinthesun.com/Yoga-Breaks.asp
http://www.runinthesun.com/Fitness_Holidays.asp
So instead of joining the gym or "social class of keep fit" take a holiday in the sun and change yur life.
Types of Yoga
Yoga (Devangari: योग) is a group of ancient spiritual practices originating in India.
As a general term in Hinduism it has been defined as referring to "technologies or disciplines of asceticism and meditation which are thought to lead to spiritual experience and profound understanding or insight into the nature of existence." Outside India, Yoga has become primarily associated with the practice of asanas (postures) of Hatha Yoga (see Yoga as exercise), although it has influenced the entire dharmic religions family and other spiritual practices throughout the world.
Hindu texts discussing different aspects of yoga include the Upanishads, the Bhagavad Gita, the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali, the Hatha Yoga Pradipika, the Shiva Samhita, and many others
Major branches of Yoga include: Hatha Yoga, Karma Yoga, Jnana Yoga, Bhakti Yoga, and Raja Yoga. Raja Yoga, known simply as Yoga in the context of , is one of the six orthodox (stika) schools of thought, established by the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali.
Types of Yoga
There are many types of yoga falling basically into two types, the divisions of classical yoga techniques and the many modern styles of yoga. The classical yoga techniques are listed below.
Classical Yoga Techniques
These all date back almost to the origins of yoga, they allow people to follow the type of yoga that is best suited to their temperament and life styles. All of these paths alone can lead the participant to enlightenment but in practice it is normal for there to be considerable overlap and parts of each discipline can be brought into your favoured path.
Ashanti
Yoga Breaks
Shanti Yoga The healing path is the synthesis of the physical attributes of Hatha, Tantric and Karma Yoga with the spiritual, philosophical and psychological aspects of Raja, Jnana and Bhakti Yoga. Shanti Yoga borrows freely from other great philosophies of the world, like Buddhism, Taoism, Christianity, Zen, Sufism to de-mystify many concepts and clarify and reinforce Shanti's teachings.
Bhakti
Yoga Breaks
This is the yoga of devotion, worship and focused love. Traditionally the focus could be on a deity or on ones personal Guru. Westerners who have strong religious backgrounds would feel comfortable with this branch of Yoga as it would fit in with worship in whatever form.
Jnana
Yoga Breaks
This is the path of spiritual knowledge and wisdom and would suit someone who had an intellectual temperament.
Karma
Yoga BreaYoga-Breaks.aspks
Karma Yoga is the path of selfless service, of working or performing actions without seeking any reward. Most yoga ashrams have periods of "Karma Yoga" when those staying at the ashram can help with daily tasks.
Kundalini
Yoga Retreats
Kundalini yoga aims to awaken the potential energies at the base of the spine (Symbolised as a coiled snake) and direct this energy upwards through the spine and the Chakras thus bringing about increasing degrees of enlightenment. When the energy reaches the head (Sahasrara Chakra) then intuitive enlightenment is triggered.
Mantra
Yoga breaks
Mantra Yoga involves the practice of chanting words or phrases repeatedly either aloud or internally thus influencing the consciousness. The rhythmic repetition of mantras is called Japa.
Raja
Yoga Breaks
Raja yoga means Royal yoga and is associated with the yoga of Patanjali who promulgated the Yoga Sutras, here he lists the eightfold path or the eight limbs of yoga. These are :-Yama, Niyama, Asana, Pranayama, Pratyahara, Dharana, Dhyana, Samadhi.Yama (Abstentions) are:- Non Violence, Truthfulness, Non Stealing, Purity, Avoidance of Greed.Niyama (Observances) are :- Cleanliness, Contentment, Austerity, Study or Wisdom, Devotion to the Divine.Asana (Postures):-The physical posture work familiar in most yoga classes.Pranayama (Breath Control):-Control of breath and direction of Prana (Life Force Energy) within the body.Pratyahara (sense withdrawal):-Detaching the mind from the 5 senses Dharana (Concentration):-Holding the mind on a particular object or thought, Single pointed awareness.Dhyana (Meditation):-Prolonged concentration to the point where it becomes effortless.Samadhi Contemplation, Union, Bliss:-This has to be experienced to be understood, it is beyond words.
Tantric
Yoga Breaks
Tantric Yoga breaks into two distinct variations the Left hand and Right hand paths.
The Left hand path is the Tantra that most people have heard about, it is a yoga found mainly in Northern India and Tibet and involves the union of male and female either actually or in the imagination.
The Right hand path is epitomised by the Bihar Yoga and Mandala Ashram below and encourages Fidelity and Celibacy. Here the emphasis is on Kriya Yoga which comes under the general heading of Tantra. see below.
Kriya
Yoga Holidays
Kriya Yoga is a very systemised form of yoga from the Tantras, There are about 70 Kriyas or actions of which only about 20 are in common usage. Kriya yoga increases concentration and leads to meditation and ultimately to enlightenment but this is done more through awareness than pure concentration. Again this system is taught at Mandala Ashram.
Yantra
Yoga Holidays
Similar to Mantra yoga but involving sight and form. Yantras are colourful geometric mandalas or designs which are used for concentration ether on the Mandala itself or during the preparation of the Mandala.
Hatha
Yoga Retreats
Hatha yoga. (Sanskrit yoga), also known as Hatha vidya, is a particular system of Yoga introduced by Yogi Swatmarama, a sage of 15th century India, and compiler of the Hatha Yoga Pradipika. In this treatise Swatmarama introduces Hatha Yoga as 'a stairway to the heights of Raja Yoga', hence a preparatory stage of physical purification that renders the body fit for the practise of higher meditation. The Asanas and Pranayama in Raja Yoga were what the Hindu Yogis used to physically train their body for long periods of meditation. This practise is called shatkarma. The word Hatha is a compound of the words Ha and Tha meaning sun and moon and refers to the principal nadis (energy channels) of the subtle body that must be fully operational to attain a state of dhyana or samadhi. In other respects Hatha yoga follows the same principles as the Raja Yoga of Patanjali including moral restraint yama and spiritual observances niyama. Hatha Yoga is what most people in the West associate with the word "Yoga" and is practiced for mental and physical health throughout the West.
Dru
Yoga Breaks
Following ancient Yoga traditions, Dru Yoga focuses on soft flowing movements, Dru Yoga can help to relieve stress, increase energy levels and strengthen your immune system.
Designed to suit all ages and abilities of fitness levels. Dru Yoga is a style that can be an in depth experience and taken at any time in life.
In essence Dru Yoga is a wonderful way to relieve the pressures of modern living. Dru Yoga is rapidly growing in it's popularity, as thousands of students all over the world are discovering.
Using controlled breathing, visualisation and soft flowing movements enabling any worries and stress to melt away.
Whilst working on both the mind and body, strengthening of the core system and stability, leaving you feeling positive about yourself,
Dru Yoga focuses on relieving the pressures of modern day living. By practising Dru Yoga you will learn how to create energy and how to channel that energy into the manifestation of hopes and dreams in a wonderfully positive manner.
With Dru Yoga the many postures and sequences concentrate on activating the ANAHATA CHAKRAOR " the heart centre. We all need a healthy and happy heart to lead a wonderful fulfilled ed life.
The Thymus gland plays a strong role in helping you to achieve a healthy heart and strong immune system. This gland is to be found in the Sternum area close to the heart. Using Dru Yoga sequenced movements and postures we can help to stimulate the energies of the heart, chakra in turn massages the physical heart and energises the Thymus gland to commence a healthy healing process.
Opening the heart centre allows us to become happier and to really enjoy life. Your energy or life force is known as "PRANA" by looking after your heart centre not only helps to create peace and contentment in life but gives you the energy to achieve your goals in life and the belief that you can do it.
Dru Yoga benefits all, whether it is inner peace you seek or to improve your core stability, the overall sense of well being will merge together as one.
Join us on a journey in a place where your sense of well being is all that is important and exercise your body and soul, again. Take time out for a weekend or short break and join us, for a specialist holistic workshop or Dru Yoga holiday.
Whatever your reason, join us on the Costa Blanca, Spain for a fabulous time and make new friends. Perfectly located for tranquillity and yet within 800m of Moraira's blue flag sandy beach, chillout cafes, superb cuisine and shops, to enjoy the most perfect Yoga holiday.
We chose Moraira especially for its geographical location. Our oasis is wonderfully protected by the energies of the tiger and the strength of the dragon mountains that unite in harmony at the calm waters of the Mediterranean Sea.
miércoles, 30 de enero de 2008
la conquesta de Valencia per Jaume I
La personalidad lingüística de la lengua valenciana ha sido y es objeto de numerosos debates. Para unos no hay tal lengua sino que simplemente se trataría de un dialecto del catalán, tal como lo es el leridano o el rosellonés; para otros se trata de una lengua hermanada con el catalán pero con sus propias características históricas y gramaticales que la distinguen. Lo que lingüísticamente importa es que ambas, catalán y valenciano, no son sino dos caras de una misma moneda, de manera que podríamos hablar de una lengua catalana-valenciana. Los valencianos generalmente rehúsan llamar a su lengua catalán aunque los baleáricos no. Los catalanes y los baleáricos rechazan, a su vez, denominar a su lengua valenciano. No obstante todos ellos reconocen la unidad de la lengua, si bien disienten en la denominación para nombrarla y, lo que es más importante, en el desarrollo histórico que las diversas modalidades de la lengua ha tenido.
La teoría catalanista. Que tiene como ámbito de proyección geográfica a Valencia y Cataluña teniendo un solo objeto lingüístico común para toda la región: el catalán. Esta postura en lo que respecta a la continuidad del valenciano es rupturista, en el sentido de considerar al valenciano como el resultado de la irrupción del catalán en tierras valencianas como consecuencia de la conquista del reino de Valencia por Jaime I en 1238. Según esta idea la invasión islámica del siglo VII en la Península Ibérica produjo un corte político y cultural de tal envergadura que la población valenciana, entre otras, fue totalmente asimilada, perdiendo sus raíces y su lengua. Posteriormente, con la conquista de Valencia por Jaime I se habría producido una especie de vacío que fue llenado con la llegada de pobladores de origen aragonés, catalán y castellano, habiendo por tanto un antes y un después, sin solución de continuidad, a la Conquista. Por lo tanto, el valenciano no sería más que el habla catalana traída por los recién llegados con ingredientes aragoneses y castellanos. La teoría catalanista es la más extendida tanto en el campo lingüístico como en el social y el político.La teoría valencianista. Que explica la existencia del valenciano a través de la continuidad poblacional y lingüística en Valencia durante el dominio musulmán, de ahí que se le conozca como teoría continuista. Según los defensores de esta postura hay evidencias que hacen pensar que durante la dominación musulmana el romance hablado en Valencia no se pierde sino que pervive y evoluciona en la parla romanç que se desarrollará en el romanç valencià. Por ejemplo, el testimonio de la toponimia testifica que en el momento en el que Jaime I conquista Valencia el habla romance autóctona tenía vitalidad; igualmente es unánime el veredicto de arabistas cuando hablan de la diglosia (árabe y romance) y hasta triglosia (árabe clásico, árabe dialectal y romance) practicada en la España musulmana. Los responsables de mantener la lengua durante la dominación musulmana en Valencia no fueron otros que los mozárabes allí residentes así como los muladíes, convertidos al Islam pero que practicaron un bilingüismo diglósico: árabe para la administración y la cultura y romanç valencià en sus hogares. La debilidad de esta suposición es la falta de testimonios escritos de esa época que la confirmen. Una de las evidencias que presentan los defensores de la antigüedad del valenciano es la proximidad de las raíces de sus palabras al latín, de donde se deduciría que la lengua valenciana se deriva del latín hablado en la Península Ibérica hasta la invasión musulmana (siglo VIII), la cual aporta arabismos hasta la fecha de la Conquista (siglo XIII) y a partir de ese momento recibe préstamos del catalán, provenzal, aragonés y castellano.
La teoría catalanista. Que tiene como ámbito de proyección geográfica a Valencia y Cataluña teniendo un solo objeto lingüístico común para toda la región: el catalán. Esta postura en lo que respecta a la continuidad del valenciano es rupturista, en el sentido de considerar al valenciano como el resultado de la irrupción del catalán en tierras valencianas como consecuencia de la conquista del reino de Valencia por Jaime I en 1238. Según esta idea la invasión islámica del siglo VII en la Península Ibérica produjo un corte político y cultural de tal envergadura que la población valenciana, entre otras, fue totalmente asimilada, perdiendo sus raíces y su lengua. Posteriormente, con la conquista de Valencia por Jaime I se habría producido una especie de vacío que fue llenado con la llegada de pobladores de origen aragonés, catalán y castellano, habiendo por tanto un antes y un después, sin solución de continuidad, a la Conquista. Por lo tanto, el valenciano no sería más que el habla catalana traída por los recién llegados con ingredientes aragoneses y castellanos. La teoría catalanista es la más extendida tanto en el campo lingüístico como en el social y el político.La teoría valencianista. Que explica la existencia del valenciano a través de la continuidad poblacional y lingüística en Valencia durante el dominio musulmán, de ahí que se le conozca como teoría continuista. Según los defensores de esta postura hay evidencias que hacen pensar que durante la dominación musulmana el romance hablado en Valencia no se pierde sino que pervive y evoluciona en la parla romanç que se desarrollará en el romanç valencià. Por ejemplo, el testimonio de la toponimia testifica que en el momento en el que Jaime I conquista Valencia el habla romance autóctona tenía vitalidad; igualmente es unánime el veredicto de arabistas cuando hablan de la diglosia (árabe y romance) y hasta triglosia (árabe clásico, árabe dialectal y romance) practicada en la España musulmana. Los responsables de mantener la lengua durante la dominación musulmana en Valencia no fueron otros que los mozárabes allí residentes así como los muladíes, convertidos al Islam pero que practicaron un bilingüismo diglósico: árabe para la administración y la cultura y romanç valencià en sus hogares. La debilidad de esta suposición es la falta de testimonios escritos de esa época que la confirmen. Una de las evidencias que presentan los defensores de la antigüedad del valenciano es la proximidad de las raíces de sus palabras al latín, de donde se deduciría que la lengua valenciana se deriva del latín hablado en la Península Ibérica hasta la invasión musulmana (siglo VIII), la cual aporta arabismos hasta la fecha de la Conquista (siglo XIII) y a partir de ese momento recibe préstamos del catalán, provenzal, aragonés y castellano.
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